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This study combines numerical modeling and experiments, aiming to better understand tactile perception. Using finite element modeling (FEM), we investigate whether and how the biomechanics of subcutaneous tissue influences skin surface deformations under flat plate loading. Tactile sensation arises from subcutaneous mechanical sensors detecting strains in the skin. Although fingertip surface strains can be measured with high accuracy during normal and tangential loading [1,2], the monitoring of subsurface strains remains challenging. This limitation complicates the interpretation of surface strains in relation to tactile perception [3].

The finite element model of the fingertip incorporates a realistic heterogeneous resistance to deviatoric strains as a function of depth [4] and mechanical anisotropy of the subcutaneous tissues due to collagen [5]. The model is compared to experimental data measuring 3-D surface deformation of a fingertip and an inflated rubber membrane under similar condition, enabling validation and identification of the key factors driving the development of skin surface strains.

References:

[1]: B. Delhaye, A. Barrea, B. B. Edin, P. Lefevre and J. L. Thonnard (2016). “Surface strain measurements of fingertip skin under shearing.” Journal of The Royal Society Interface, 13(115), 20150874.

[2]: D. Doumont, A. R. Kao, G. J. Gerling, A. Browet, B. Delhaye and P. Lefèvre (2023). “3-D reconstruction of the fingertip deformation during tactile interactions.” Worldhaptics conference. In Worldhaptics Annual Meeting.

[3]: B. P. Delhaye, E. Jarocka, A. Barrea, J. L. Thonnard, B. Edin and P. Lefèvre (2021). “High-resolution imaging of skin deformation shows that afferents from human fingertips signal slip onset.” eLife 10:e64679

[4]: T. Maeno, K. Kobayashi and N. Yamazaki (1998). “Relationship between the structure of human finger tissue and the location of tactile receptors.” JSME International Journal Series C Mechanical Systems, Machine Elements and Manufacturing, 41(1), 94-100.

[5]: G. H. C. Duprez, B. P. Delhaye and L. Delannay, "Collagen Induces Anisotropy in Fingertip Subcutaneous Tissues During Contact." in IEEE Transactions on Haptics, doi: 10.1109/TOH.2024.3406251.